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Human Intelligence／Cognition

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Intelligence
  • is general cognitive problem-solving skills
  • is what you do when you don’t know what to do
  • is a hypothetical idea that we have defined as being reflected by certain types of behavior
  • involves the ability to adapt to one’s environment and the capacity to learn from experience
Cognition
  • TODO

The terms cognition and intelligence are similar, but can’t be interchanged. Intelligence may be defined as the ability to obtain and use knowledge in an adaptive situation, while cognition means awareness in general and the ability to learn in particular

Theories of Intelligence

Howard Gardner’s Specific Intelligence 1983

  • 8 specific Intelligence
    • musical - competencies in rhythm, pitch, tone, etc and ability to compose, play, and appreciate music
    • bodily-kinesthetic - the control and use of one’s body
    • logical-mathematical - numerical and logical thinking
    • verbal-linguistic - the use of language and communication
    • visuospatial - the mental visual perceptions and manipulations
    • interpersonal - the discerning of others: emotional, motivations, etc
    • intrapersonal - knowing oneself: emotional, motivations, etc
    • naturalist - discerning patterns in nature
  • additional tentative intelligence
    • spiritual - recognition of the spiritual
    • existential - concern with the ultimate state of being
    • pedagogical - teach smart ~2016

Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

  • divides intelligence into three dimensions that work together:
    • componential dimension - includes an individual’s mental mechanisms:
      • meta-components - processes used in planning, monitoring, and evaluating the performance of a task. these direct all other mental activities
      • performance components - strategies for executing a task
      • knowledge acquisition components - processes involved in learning new things
    • experiential dimension - involves the way the individual deals with the internal and/or external world
    • contextual dimension - how individuals adapt to, shape, and select the external world around them

Types of Intelligence

  • fluid intelligence - indexed by tests of abstract reasoning and pattern detection
  • crystallized intelligence - indexed by measures of vocabulary and general knowledge
  • dark matter intelligence - domain-specific knowledge

Impacts on Intelligence

Genetic

  • up to 80% of the variation found in adult human intelligence is thought to be attributable to genetics, despite the fact that it is a complicated, polygenic trait - controlled by the interaction of more than one gene

Environmental

  • environmental factors generally fall into 2 main categories:
    • biological influences - act on the physical body
    • sociocultural influences - act on mind and behavior

Intelligence Amplification/Enhancement

  • deep thinking - life is not just about reacting to events, rather we should have a conscious objective and select our actions to get nearer to our objective
  • good reasoning - consciously performed in proper order:
    • have objective
    • make general sense of it
    • determine your decision based on your sensing
    • layout plan(s) that achieves the objective
    • select the best plan/results
    • implement your plan
    • observe results
    • store experiences for future references
  • learning from past experience
    • it’s believed that many inventions are actually re-inventions (exp. Egypt)
    • application: journal/writing
  • experience and practice
    • you cannot learn to swim from a book
    • practice makes perfect
  • the pygmalion effect - is a studied phenomenon in which higher expectations lead to better performance
  • the golem effect - is the opposite phenomenon, in which lower expectations lead to lower performance

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