Functional Groups

alkane

-ane

saturated

all carbon atoms hold the highest allowed amount of hydrogen atoms

contains all single carbon to hydrogen bonds

H
|
H – C – H
|
H

alkene

-ene

unsaturated

carbon atoms do not hold the highest allowed amount of hydrogen atoms

contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond

H H
\ /
C = C
/ \
H H

alkyne

-yne

unsaturated

contains at least one carbon to carbon triple bond

H – C ≡ C – H

alcohol

-ol
hydroxyl-

N/A

– OH

ethanol/hydroxyethane
CH₃CH₂OH

ether

alkoxy-

N/A

– O –

methoxymethane
CH₃– O – CH₃

carbonyl

N/A

|
C = O
|

aldehyde

-al

N/A

|
C = O
|
H

ethanal
CH₃CHO

ketone

-one

N/A

|
C = O
|

propanone
CH₃COCH₃

carboxylic acid

carboxyl

-oic acid

N/A

|
C = O
|
O – H

ethanoic acid
CH₃COOH

amide

-amide

N/A

|
C = O
|
NH

ethanamide
CH₃CONH₂

amine

amino-
-amine

N/A

H
|
– N
|
H

aminomethane/methylamine
CH₃- NH₂

nitril

-nitrile

N/A

– C ≡ N

propanenitrile
CH₃CH₂CN

sulfhydryl

N/A

– SH

methyl

N/A

H
|
H – C – H
|

methoxymethane
CH₃– O – CH₃

phosphate

N/A

|
O
|
H – O – P = O
|
O
|
H