Lexical Semantic Relations - (Synonymy Antonymy Hypernymy Hyponymy Holonymy Meronymy Troponymy)

Lexical Semantic Relation Types

synonymy - same meaning
antonymy - opposite meaning
ontological relations:
- hypernymy (superordination) - a word more general than a hyponym
- hyponymy (subordination) - a word more specific than a hypernym
holonymy - whole to part relation
meronymy - part to whole relation
troponymy - particular way to do something
- to nibble is to eat in a certain manner
- to gorge is to eat in a different manner

Examples - Grouped by Part of Speech

Noun Relation	Definition	Example
Hypernym	from concepts to superordinates	meal is a hypernym of lunch
Hyponym	from concepts to subtypes	lunch is a hyponym of meal
Has-Member	from groups to their members	faculty has-member professor
Member-Of	from members to their groups	professor is member-of faculty
Meronym	from wholes to parts	leg is a meronym of table
Holonym	from parts to wholes	table is a holonym of leg
Antonym	opposites	leader is antonym of follower

Verb Relation	Definition	Example
Hypernym	hypernym is (semantics) a word or phrase whose referents form a set including as a subset the referents of a subordinate term	travel is a hypernym of fly fly → travel
Troponym	a troponym is (grammar) a verb that indicates more precisely the manner of doing something by replacing a verb of a more generalized meaning	stroll is a troponym of walk stroll → walk
Antonym	opposites	increase is antonym ofdecrease

verb entailment - from events to the events they entail
- semantic relation - hypernym/hyponym and troponym
  - fly → travel
  - stroll → walk
  - snore → sleep
- causative relation - if 𝑉₁ is a sufficient cause of 𝑉₂, then 𝑉₁ entails 𝑉₂
  - give →causative-relation→ have
bidirectional verb entailment -
- synonyms: beat ↔ defeat
- not synonyms: ?

Verb Entailments

Verb Entailment
Temporal Inclusion		Not Temporal Inclusion
Troponym	Not Troponym	Backward Presupposition	Cause
limp → walk lisp → talk	snore → sleep buy → pay	succeed → try untie → tie	kill → die give → have

Adjective Relation	Definition	Example
Antonym	Opposite	heavy is antonym oflight quickly is antonym of slowly