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Monomer

• monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

Macromolecules

• disaccharides - are built out of 2 monosaccharides
• oligosaccharides - are built out of 3 to 10 monosaccharides
• polysaccharides - are built out of 10+ monosaccharides

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Carbohydrates

• carbon (carbo-) + water (-hydrate)
• are roughly a ratio of 1 carbon atom (C) to 1 water molecule (H₂O)
• classes of carbohydrates:
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides - 2 linked monosaccharides
  • oligosaccharides - 3 to 10 linked monosaccharides
  • polysaccharides - 10+ linked monosaccharides

Monosaccharides

Types of Monosaccharides

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

Ring forms of Monosaccharides

During ring formation, the O from the carbonyl group, which is converted to a OH hydroxyl group, will be trapped either:

• above the ring (on the same side as the CH₂OH group)
• below the ring (on the opposite side from this group)

α glucose - opposite sides
β glucose - same side
ribose - 
fructose -

Disaccharides

disaccharides form when two monosaccharides join together via a dehydration reaction forming a covalent bond known as a glycosidic linkage

Types of Disaccharides

• lactose - glucose + galactose
• sucrose - glucose + fructose
• maltose - glucose + glucose
• trehalose - glucose + glucose

Importance of Linkage

• lactose - 1-4 glycosidic linkage, the 1 carbon of galactose is connected to the 4 carbon of glucose
• sucrose - 1-2 glycosidic linkage, the 1 carbon of glucose is connected to the 2 carbon of fructose
• maltose - 1-4 glycosidic linkage, the 1 carbon of glucose is connected to the 4 carbon of glucose
• trehalose - 1-1 glycosidic linkage, the 1 carbon of glucose is connected to the 1 carbon of glucose

Oligosaccharides

oligosaccharides - a chain of 3 to 10 monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

polysaccharide - a long chain of 10+ monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Types of Polysaccharides

• storage polysaccharides:
  • starch - storage form of glucose in plants
    • amylose - consists entirely of unbranched chains of glucose monomers connected by 1-4 linkages
    • amylopectin - is a branched polysaccharide. monomers are connected by mostly 1-4 linkages, with some 1-6 linkages that results in branched points
    • modified starches -
  • glycogen - storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates
• structural polysaccharides:
  • chitin - a major component of exoskeletons of arthropods (e.g. insects and crustaceans)
  • cellulose - a major component of plant cell walls