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Part of Speech (PoS)

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Grammar = Morphology + Part of Speech + Syntax (Rules) - the rules of morphology and syntax produces grammar. it is a set of linguistic habits that is constantly being negotiated and reinvented

  • morphology
    • the study of morphemes and word inflexions/forms
    • a morphologist would be interested in the relationship between words like “dog” and “dogs” or “walk” and “walking,” and how people figure out the differences between those words
  • lexical grammar describes the structure of the lexicon, that is, every token (word) used in the language
  • syntactical grammar describes how phrases and documents are formed from those tokens
  • part of speech
    • is a category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions
  • syntax
    • is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences/phrases
    • is a set of rules for constructing full sentences/phrases out of lexemes
    • is the study of sentences/phrases structure, or how people put words into the right order so that they can communicate meaningfully
    • all languages have underlying rules of syntax, which, along with morphological rules, make up every language’s grammar. An example of syntax coming into play in language is “Eugene walked the dog” versus “The dog walked Eugene.” The order of words is not arbitrary—in order for the sentence to convey the intended meaning, the words must be in a certain order
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PoS - Common Types

in English the main parts of speech are:

PoS

Class

Description

noun

open

ability to take possessives, can occur with determiners

pronoun

closed

often act as a kind of shorthand for referring to some noun phrase or entity or event

adjective

open

describes properties or qualities. they are called modifiers since they modify (or change) the meaning slightly

determiner

closed

occurs with nouns

verb

open

referring to actions and processes

adverb

open

modifies or qualifies an adjective, or other adverb or word group verbs

preposition

closed

occur before noun phrases; semantically they are relational, often indicating spatial or temporal relations, whether literal (on it, before then, by the houses) or metaphorical (on time, with gusto, beside herself)

conjunction

closed

joins 2 phrases, clauses, or sentences

interjection

oh, ah, hey, man, alas, uh, uhm

particle

closed

resembles preposition or an adverb and is used in combination with a verb

PoS - Sets

PoS - Example

PoS - Resources