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Exophora - Endophora - Anaphora - Cataphora

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Taxonomy of Relations
  • exophora - the use of an expression whose interpretation depends on an expression OUTSIDE the text body
  • endophora - the use of an expression whose interpretation depends on an expression WITHIN the text body
    • cataphora (included in the broad sense of anaphora, a type of endophora)
      • the use of an expression whose interpretation depends on a LATER POSTCEDENT expression in context
    • anaphora (in the narrow sense, a type of endophora)
      • the use of an expression whose interpretation depends on an EARLIER ANTECEDENT expression in context
      • complement anaphora - an anaphora referring to its complement set of an EARLIER ANTECEDENT expression in context

Examples

This garden hose is better than that one.

  • exophors = this and that (which are demonstrative pronouns used as adjectives) points to entities in the situational context

Jerry is standing over there.

  • exophor = there (used as adverb) points to a location in the situational context

Because he was very cold, David put on a coat.

  • cataphor = he points to the right toward its postcedent David

His friends have been criticizing Jim for exaggerating.

Although Sam might do so, I shall not buy a new bike.

  • cataphor = do so (a verb phrase) points to the right toward its postcedent buy a new bike

In their free time, the boys play video games.

  • cataphor = their (a possessive adjective pronoun) points to the right toward its postcedent the boys

Susan dropped the plate. It shattered loudly.

  • anaphor = it points to the left toward its antecedent the plate

The music stopped, and that upset everyone.

  • anaphor = that (a demonstrative pronoun) points to the left toward its antecedent The music stopped

Fred was angry, and so was I.

  • anaphor = so (an adverb) points to the left toward its antecedent angry

If Sam buys a new bike, I will do it as well.

  • anaphor = do it (a verb phrase) points to the left toward its antecedent buys a new bike

Only a few of the children ate their ice-cream. They threw it around the room instead.

  • complement anaphor = They points to the left towards its complement set antecedent few of the children